Question
There are so many different ways to include JavaScript in a html page. I know about the following options:
- inline code or loaded from external URI
- included in or tag [1,2]
- having none,
deferorasyncattribute (only external scripts) - included in static source or added dynamically by other scripts (at different parse states, with different methods)
Not counting browserscripts from the harddisk, javascript:URIs and
onEvent-attributes
[3], there are
already 16 alternatives to get JS executed and I'm sure I forgot something.
I'm not so concerned with fast (parallel) loading, I'm more curious about the execution order (which may depend on loading order and document order). Is there a good (cross-browser) reference that covers really all cases? E.g. http://www.websiteoptimization.com/speed/tweak/defer/ only deals with 6 of them, and tests mostly old browsers.
As I fear there's not, here is my specific question: I've got some (external) head scripts for initialisation and script loading. Then I've got two static, inline scripts in the end of the body. The first one lets the script loader dynamically append another script element (referencing external js) to the body. The second of the static, inline scripts wants to use js from the added, external script. Can it rely on the other having been executed (and why :-)?
Answer
If you aren't dynamically loading scripts or marking them as defer or
async, then scripts are loaded in the order encountered in the page. It
doesn't matter whether it's an external script or an inline script - they are
executed in the order they are encountered in the page. Inline scripts that
come after external scripts are held until all external scripts that came
before them have loaded and run.
Async scripts (regardless of how they are specified as async) load and run in an unpredictable order. The browser loads them in parallel and it is free to run them in whatever order it wants.
There is no predictable order among multiple async things. If one needed a predictable order, then it would have to be coded in by registering for load notifications from the async scripts and manually sequencing javascript calls when the appropriate things are loaded.
When a script tag is inserted dynamically, how the execution order behaves will depend upon the browser. You can see how Firefox behaves in this reference article. In a nutshell, the newer versions of Firefox default a dynamically added script tag to async unless the script tag has been set otherwise.
A script tag with async may be run as soon as it is loaded. In fact, the
browser may pause the parser from whatever else it was doing and run that
script. So, it really can run at almost any time. If the script was cached, it
might run almost immediately. If the script takes awhile to load, it might run
after the parser is done. The one thing to remember with async is that it
can run anytime and that time is not predictable.
A script tag with defer waits until the entire parser is done and then runs
all scripts marked with defer in the order they were encountered. This
allows you to mark several scripts that depend upon one another as defer.
They will all get postponed until after the document parser is done, but they
will execute in the order they were encountered preserving their dependencies.
I think of defer like the scripts are dropped into a queue that will be
processed after the parser is done. Technically, the browser may be
downloading the scripts in the background at any time, but they won't execute
or block the parser until after the parser is done parsing the page and
parsing and running any inline scripts that are not marked defer or async.
Here's a quote from that article:
script-inserted scripts execute asynchronously in IE and WebKit, but synchronously in Opera and pre-4.0 Firefox.
The relevant part of the HTML5 spec (for newer compliant browsers) is here. There is a lot written in there about async behavior. Obviously, this spec doesn't apply to older browsers (or mal-conforming browsers) whose behavior you would probably have to test to determine.
A quote from the HTML5 spec:
Then, the first of the following options that describes the situation must be followed:
If the element has a src attribute, and the element has a defer attribute, and the element has been flagged as "parser-inserted", and the element does not have an async attribute The element must be added to the end of the list of scripts that will execute when the document has finished parsing associated with the Document of the parser that created the element.
The task that the networking task source places on the task queue once the fetching algorithm has completed must set the element's "ready to be parser- executed" flag. The parser will handle executing the script.
If the element has a src attribute, and the element has been flagged as "parser-inserted", and the element does not have an async attribute The element is the pending parsing-blocking script of the Document of the parser that created the element. (There can only be one such script per Document at a time.)
The task that the networking task source places on the task queue once the fetching algorithm has completed must set the element's "ready to be parser- executed" flag. The parser will handle executing the script.
If the element does not have a src attribute, and the element has been flagged as "parser-inserted", and the Document of the HTML parser or XML parser that created the script element has a style sheet that is blocking scripts The element is the pending parsing-blocking script of the Document of the parser that created the element. (There can only be one such script per Document at a time.)
Set the element's "ready to be parser-executed" flag. The parser will handle executing the script.
If the element has a src attribute, does not have an async attribute, and does not have the "force-async" flag set The element must be added to the end of the list of scripts that will execute in order as soon as possible associated with the Document of the script element at the time the prepare a script algorithm started.
The task that the networking task source places on the task queue once the fetching algorithm has completed must run the following steps:
If the element is not now the first element in the list of scripts that will execute in order as soon as possible to which it was added above, then mark the element as ready but abort these steps without executing the script yet.
Execution: Execute the script block corresponding to the first script element in this list of scripts that will execute in order as soon as possible.
Remove the first element from this list of scripts that will execute in order as soon as possible.
If this list of scripts that will execute in order as soon as possible is still not empty and the first entry has already been marked as ready, then jump back to the step labeled execution.
If the element has a src attribute The element must be added to the set of scripts that will execute as soon as possible of the Document of the script element at the time the prepare a script algorithm started.
The task that the networking task source places on the task queue once the fetching algorithm has completed must execute the script block and then remove the element from the set of scripts that will execute as soon as possible.
Otherwise The user agent must immediately execute the script block, even if other scripts are already executing.
What about Javascript module scripts,type="module"?
Javascript now has support for module loading with syntax like this:
<script type="module">
import {addTextToBody} from './utils.mjs';
addTextToBody('Modules are pretty cool.');
</script>
Or, with src attribute:
<script type="module" src="http://somedomain.com/somescript.mjs">
</script>
All scripts with type="module" are automatically given the defer
attribute. This downloads them in parallel (if not inline) with other loading
of the page and then runs them in order, but after the parser is done.
Module scripts can also be given the async attribute which will run inline
module scripts as soon as possible, not waiting until the parser is done and
not waiting to run the async script in any particular order relative to
other scripts.
There's a pretty useful timeline chart that shows fetch and execution of different combinations of scripts, including module scripts here in this article: Javascript Module Loading.
